Eliminating Discrimination in the Workplace Essay

I have been asked to suggest different methods that can reduce discrimination and prejudice in the workplace. Is it possible to make everyone get along and ignore their differences? According to the growing research on discrimination and prejudice, these are learned behaviors that with practice can be unlearned, and ultimately eliminated (Baron Branscombe, 2012, p. 195). Discrimination is defined as the negative treatment of different groups: Prejudice, on the other hand is viewed as the negative emotions or attitudes associated with discrimination (Ramasubramanian, 2010). These two terms go hand in hand because they both can lead to racism; however, that is not suggesting that there is a cause-and-effect relationship between the two†¦show more content†¦Despite that Hispanics are growing in numbers in the United States, there is also more tension between racial and ethnic groups because they are all left to compete against the other (Weaver, 2011, p. 2723). Indeed, researc h confirms that competition allows for prejudice feelings to occur between the in-groups and the out-groups (Bobo Fox, 2003; Dixon et al., 2010). Many researchers agree that one seems to be closer or more cohesive to their own group and associate a sense of pride for each other; on the other hand, they tend to fear the out-group because they are seen as the competitors, the enemies, and the traitors (Ramasubramanian, 2010; Baron Branscombe, 2012; Hirsh Lyons, 2010). Clearly this creates a disconnection between groups, which make them feel a sense of threat for one another, due to this, prejudice feelings and differences become more evident. One of the most common theories that explain why prejudice persists today, as it relates to the workplace, is called realistic conflict theory (Baron Branscombe, 2012). This psychological theory states that prejudice is more frequent when competition arises in a situation where there are limited resources that only one group can claim (Bobo, 1983). However, being that discrimination is a learned behavior, one can conclude that it can be socially influenced; therefore, behavior can be altered by focusing on what is causing the individual to feel inferior or threaten (Bobo Fox, 2003). With that beingShow MoreRelatedEliminating Discrimination In The Workplace Essay examples1694 Words   |  7 Pagesconsultant I have been asked to suggest different methods that can possibly reduce discrimination and prejudice in the workplace. Is it possible however to make everyone get along and ignore their differences? According to the growing research on discrimination and prejudice, these are learned behaviors that with practice can be unlearned, and ultimately eliminated (Baron Branscombe, 2012, p. 195). Discrimination is defined as the negative treatment of different groups: Prejudice, on the other handRead MoreEmployment Discrimination Can Wear Many Faces In The Workplace.1703 Words   |  7 PagesEmployment discrimination can wear many faces in the workplace. Three common workplace discriminations are in the categories of age, weight, and sexual orientation. Only age discrimination has a specific law named after it. The law is called the Age Discrimination Act (ADA). Wei ght discrimination is linked with the Americans with Disabilities Act in order to be enforced. Sexual orientation (Gender identity) is linked with the Civil Rights Act of 1964. There is a new regulation called the LGBT employmentRead MoreEssay on Occupational Segregation994 Words   |  4 Pages from all accounts, there has been some form of inequality between genders in society. This has become especially true in the workplace and for some people occupational segregation may be to blame. Occupational segregation is the grouping of similar jobs at similar workplaces. Not to be confused with job segregation which looks at specific jobs within specific workplaces, occupational segregation focuses on the occupation as a whole. An example of an occupation would be middle school teacher. AnRead More Employment Laws and Regulation Essay1290 Words   |  6 Pagesmassively from dynamic, healthy, motivated, and productive employees. It therefore goes without saying that managers, just li ke employees, should promote these laws and thus ensures the organization conforms to them. Generally these laws govern the workplace actions of employers and employees. It ensures a fruitful and legally conducive environment and relationship exists between these two parties, and within employees themselves. Violating them cannot only put the organization effectiveness on jeopardyRead MoreEarning Differences by Gender1121 Words   |  5 Pagesthe pay gap persists because: †¢ Men are more likely to pursue college majors and advanced degrees in fields that lead to higher-paying careers. †¢ Women are getting graduate degrees, but not necessarily in fields that give the best salaries. †¢ Discrimination remains a factor and it is difficult to document and measure. †¢ Women on average are working fewer hours than men, often to care for children or other family members. The wage gap narrowed steadily through the 1980s and 1990s but the convergenceRead More Looks, Beauty, Appearance Discrimination in Employment Essay1309 Words   |  6 PagesLooks, Beauty, Appearance Discrimination in Employment Employment discrimination legislation has evolved to include race, disabilities, sexual harassment of either gender, and age. In lieu of this evolution and an increasing trend toward equality for all individuals in the workplace, the time has come for the protective reach of employment discrimination law to cover ugliness. While the proposal may cause titters at first, evidence exists that discrimination based on looks (or physicalRead MoreBusiness Case And Moral Case Justification For Diversity Management1748 Words   |  7 Pagesand beliefs, and etcetera, when managed well, can be an asset to the organisation. More often than not, there will be some sort of discrimination in the workplace, especially with a very diverse workforce. Therefore, with proper training and benefits to ensure the development of these employees, and legislation and policy to ensure equality and reduce discrimination within the workforce, it can drive competitive advantage and organisational profit. When looking at diversity in the workforce, theRead MoreJoining1271 Words   |  6 Pagesthis intercultural communication benefits the residents of Australia in many ways, from learning about different cultures and religions to accepting different ethnic beliefs, thus taking a significant step towards reducing and hopefully eventually eliminating racism altogether. Diversity is the state of being different. It is individuals and groups whose backgrounds, experiences, styles, values, etc vary. There are many ways people can differ from one another, but for this assignment we will writeRead MoreDiscrimination In The Workplace1211 Words   |  5 Pages While the world has unanimously advanced and is more accepting of change, the workplace continues to be a place of discrimination, prejudice and inequality. Discrimination is broadly defined to ‘distinguish unfavourably’, isolate; and is context based (Pagura, 2012). Abrahams (1991) described the workplace as an ‘inhospitable place’ where gender disparity and wage gaps persist (Stamarski Son Hing, 2015). Among other states and countries, the Australian government actively implements and passesRead MoreEssay on Elimination of Discrimination Against Women1969 Words   |  8 PagesThe diversity in the workplace is one of the most significant discussions in the global business and economy. The diversity in the workplace can include the different races, backgrounds, beliefs, personality, gender.....etc. The discrimination against the women in the workplace is a serious issue which has influenced the economy and the human resources in any country or company. Au stralia has a good economy and large workplace. The Australian experience in developing vital strategy and policy to

Crime Causation and Diversion Essay - 1428 Words

Crime Causation and Diversion Freedom Chrisman CJA/374 Crystal Gregory March 1, 2012 In todays society, there are more and more juveniles getting involved in criminal activity. Low self-esteem, poor decision-making and communication skills, association with a negative peer group, and a dysfunctional family unit are some characteristics of delinquent youth creations (Extension Journal, Inc. 1993). With this being said, there are also many different types of juvenile diversion, intervention and prevention programs and resources available for these juvenile to help with rehabilitation. These programs are created to help the youth with criminal activity issues and help reduce to eliminate the rate of†¦show more content†¦Within this system are numerous sub-systems to help create a better juvenile program for rehabilitation. Programs provided are not only pointed towards juveniles in general, but have several programs specifically for both male and female delinquents. This program was created to help reduce juvenile crime rates by interacting with numerous pr ograms and creating a better Juvenile Justice System. Programs such as the Juvenile Accountability Program promote greater accountability among offenders and in the juvenile justice system, the Reclaiming Futures Program which is a model for juvenile offenders who are abusing substances. These are just a couple of the many programs provided within the OJJDP Program. The OJJDPs program has very similar objectives and goals as does other juvenile programs, to help reduce and possibly eliminate the possibility of juvenile offenders re-committing crimes and re-entering the system numerous times over. The OJJPD strive to protect public safety from juvenile offenders as well as holding offenders accountable for the actions taken and providing treatment and rehabilitative services to the needs of juvenile’s delinquents and their families. The key participants within the OJJPD are many. These participants include the arresting officer, the judge and court staff, parents of the j uvenile and parent’s themselves as well as the staff of these various programs. Each person listed ahs very importantShow MoreRelatedCrime Causation and Diversion Paper1398 Words   |  6 PagesCrime Causation and Diversion Paper University of Phoenix Online Juvenile Justice Systems and Processes CJA/473 LeDetra Jones October 01, 2012 Crime Causation and Diversion Paper Today the public became more concern about youth crime rising within the community. The public also believes that some of juvenile delinquents do not belong behind bars whereas others do. In the concern of the juveniles who do not belong behind bars the public started creating community outreach programs,Read MoreCja 374 Week 2 Crime Causation and Diversion Essay1019 Words   |  5 PagesCrime Causation and Diversion Juveniles committing crimes, being arrested and going to jails and prisons, is a sad fact that has hit every city, in every state in the United States of America. It is not a hard thing to comprehend, turn on the TV and watch the news. Every night there is surely to be a report about a crime committed by one of America’s youth. Many people question the reason for such high numbers of juveniles committing crimes; others turn a blind eye and refuse to acknowledge theRead MoreCrime Prevention Concepts and Theory, Such as Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (Cpted) and Other Such Preventative Programs.1713 Words   |  7 PagesCRIME PREVENTION CONCEPTS AND THEORY, SUCH AS CRIME PREVENTION THROUGH ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN (CPTED) AND OTHER SUCH PREVENTATIVE PROGRAMS. First to start developing the item on the prevention of crime we must have the concept that is a crime. The crime can be defined as the action consisting of acting or doing, is a positive, which implies that the person or agent performs one or more body movements and commits the violation of the law by itself, or by instruments, mechanisms or persons. We canRead MoreContributing Factors to Juvenile Delinquency1620 Words   |  7 Pagesmeeting grounds, they are intense and highly loyal to members, and show intense leadership, authoritarianism, and have a clear hierarchy ( Ribner,31). This will also discuss why juvenile’s look towards gangs in some instances, what the main types of crimes are that are committed, whether gang activity actually causes the delinquent behavior, and how each one of the four main theories explains why gangs have the power to influence juveniles. So why do juvenile’s join gangs? There are many differentRead MoreFuture of the Juvenile Justice System Proposal2603 Words   |  11 Pageseffective. They can provide participation for everyone affected by the behavior of the juvenile, such as the community and the victim. According to Zhang, et al. (2010), community-based programs such as mentoring, family interventions, and diversion that decreases truancy are examples of effective ways in assisting juveniles as they exit the juvenile justice system. Other Assistance Needed to Increase the Effectiveness of Programs According to Baltodano, Platt, amp; Roberts (2005), inRead MoreCorrections Final Paper4809 Words   |  20 Pagesout of the policies of â€Å"deinstitutionalization and the criminalization of poverty† (Kupers, 1999). As increasing numbers of ill people came into contact with an ill-equipped criminal justice system, the crime rate has climbed (Teplin, 1983) and politicians have reacted by taking a â€Å"tough on crime† stance. By the time the Crack epidemic broke in the early 1980’s, America was fully committed to the â€Å"war on drugs† (Thompson, 2010. p. 709), sadly, the wide net cast by this political strategy ensnaredRead MoreEssay on Media Violence and The Effects on Children1968 Words   |  8 Pagesaverage of 23 hours of television each week, while teenagers devote an average of 21.5 hours per week to television viewing (Hepburn, 1997). From an early age, both parents and children rely heavily on television as a source of entertainment and divers ion. Parents often use the television as a babysitter to occupy children and free time for themselves. Television and the media are used as educational tools both in the home and in the schools. The problem with this prolonged exposure lies in the pervasiveRead More The Impact of the Violent African-American Stereotype in Rap Music4585 Words   |  19 Pagesways. One method is to use real world statistics of crime and violence and compare them to statistics of crime and violence in the media. An estimated 25 million acts of violence occur in television annually, compared to 1.5 million acts of violence in society (Potter 50). This comparison shows that â€Å"violent crime is much more frequent on TV than in real life† (Potter 50). Television depicts murder and assault as the two most frequent acts of crime, while real world statistics show that burglary andRead MoreEssay on Criminological Theories13456 Words   |  54 Pagestheories of criminal behavior explain the †Å"big picture† of crime—crime across the world or across a society. They attempt to answer why there are variations in group rates of crime. Other authors have used the terms â€Å"epidemiology† or social structural theories. Micro. Micro theories of criminal behavior focus on a small group of offenders or on an individual crime. They attempt to answer why some individuals are more likely than others to commit crime. Other authors have used the terms â€Å"individual conduct†Read MoreSociological View on Deviance and Drug Use Essay8777 Words   |  36 Pagesconsiders the causes of primary deviance as fluid, and only important to researchers concerned with specific social problems at a certain time. In the years following Social Pathology, Lemert argues for the decriminalization of victimless crimes, advocates pre-trial diversion programs, and has backed away labeling determinism (Wright 1984). Howard Beckers approach to the labeling of deviance, as described in Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance (1963), views deviance as the creation

Influence and Persuasion free essay sample

Influence and Persuasion Critical Thinking (Influence, Science and Practice) Chapter 1 1. Suppose you were an attorney representing a woman who broke her leg in a department store and was suing the store for $100,000 in damages. Knowing only what you know about perceptual contrast, what could you do during the trial to make the jury see $100,000 as a reasonable, even small, award? * Research for similar cases with the same injury but with settlements far greater than $100,000. The bigger its difference from the client’s demands, the better it would be. Present these case citations to the court and by the principle of perceptual contrast, it will drive home the point to the jury that the plaintiff’s demand is indeed very reasonable. 2. The charity request card in Figure 1. 2 seems rather ordinary except for the odd sequencing of the donation request amounts. Explain why, according to the contrast principle, placing the smallest donation figure between the two larger figures is an effective tactic to prompt more and larger donations * Listing $25 as the very first amount and succeeding it with the $10 already creates a perceptual contrast, wherein the larger amount would be rejected outright as a steep amount for donation. However, placing $5 right after the $10 creates more perceptual contrast – again the donor would lean towards the lower value. If the charitable organization’s target amount is a donation of $10/person, then it should have stopped at ten as the last amount. However, if its target amount is $5 dollars but with an objective of prompting donors to give more voluntarily, then placing the $5 between the $10 and $15 makes more sense because the donor would be forced to choose a balance between two extremes – the extremes being $5 and $15 and the $10 being the balanced amount that the donor could give without the guilt feeling of being stingy and at the same time without the feeling of being taken advantage of. . What points do the following quotes make about the dangers of click-whirr responding? â€Å"Everything should be made as simple as possible but not simpler. † Albert Einstein * From the way I understand this, it means we should not fully relegate our decisions to the automatic click-whirr human responses. Human automatic behavior patterns tend to be learned, more flexible compared with those of the animals that possesses locked patterns of responses. Therefore, we have the capability to analyze and reason out situations before we make decisions. We have to keep in mind that not all stereotypes are true not every pronouncement of an expert is infallible nor every expensive thing is of high quality. Although these judgmental heuristics allow us simplified living, we must also be conscious of being aware when these simplistic rules are being used to take advantage of us. â€Å"The greatest lesson in life is to know that even fools are sometimes right. † Winston Churchill * This quote is a statement that disagrees with our propensity to stereotype. The stereotype is that people who are considered as fools do not have any smart or knowledgeable thing to offer in terms of opinion. The fool would be the complete opposite of people we consider as experts – people whose opinions are always held in high regard and true. Therefore the fools are people whose views are considered laughable and false. This quote actually says that there are times when a fool’s opinion should be listened to and heeded because it is right. Then again, this would only be possible if we make a conscious effort to react using other triggers rather than just the click-whirr response. . How does the photograph that opens this chapter reflect the topic of the chapter? * The photograph shows the onslaught of information that an individual has to process and assimilate into their lives every day. We get swamped with too much information, we do not have the time, energy or the ability to sort them out and allow our brain to fully process them. Oftenti mes, we resort to automatic responses with the use of stereotypes to classify things according to a few key features or triggers. Most times, our decisions are made unconsciously or with the help of trigger factors. Chapter 3 1. Suppose you were advising American soldiers on a way to avoid consistency pressures like those used to gain collaboration from the POWs during the Korean War. What would you tell them? * Advise the American soldiers to be wary and mindful of an individual’s inclination to be automatically and unthinkingly consistent. To be cognizant of situations where consistency is being used as a weapon of influence against them. Advise them to listen to their guts or be perceptive of the heart-of-heart signs the feeling towards something that an individual experiences a split second before they intellectualize about it. . In referring to the fierce loyalty of Harley-Davidson motorcycle owners, one commentator has said, â€Å"If you can persuade your customers to tattoo your name on their chests, you’ll probably never have to worry about them shifting brands. † Explain why this would be true. In your answer, make reference to each of the four factors that maximize the power o f a commitment on a future action. * Dr. Cialdini explained that commitments are more powerful when they are active; public; effortful; and viewed as internally motivated. The statement of the commentator is accurate because the motorcycle owners had made their commitment public by tattooing their commitment on their chests. These customers would be viewed as inconsistent if they purchase a motorcycle brand different from that written on their chests. Their action is also effortful and internally motivated since the action for tattooing the name was done voluntarily and of their own accord. 3. Imagine that you are having trouble motivating yourself to study for an important exam that is less than a week away. Drawing upon your knowledge of the commitment process, describe what you would do to get yourself to put in the necessary study time. Be sure to explain why your chosen actions ought to work. * Acknowledge the power of written statements. Set a goal and commit such goal in writing. Write down the date of the exam and a timetable of the topics you want to study and commit to memory before the date. Post this written commitment in a place where others would also see it. In that way, you have doubled the power of commitment by making it public. What would be the consequences of Roger’s more expansive approach to interpersonal relations? Think about your own interpersonal style. Is it closer to Rogers’ or Austen’s? Why? * Will Rogers could be taken advantage of by professional compliance people. Since we have automatic positive reactions to compliments, friendliness and the other factors leading to liking, people could exert undue influence on his decisions and daily life. 3. What parallels can you see between the findings of the boy’s camp studies and those of studies on the effects of (a) school desegregation and (b) cooperative learning in the classroom? a) School desegregation We like people who are similar to us, so our tendency in school is to associate ourselves with those we are most familiar and similar with. This results in the formation of groups or cliques that views other factions as rivals. Subsequently, these groups with divergent personalities would clash and compete because of th e differences in their orientation, ethnicity, backgrounds or lifestyle. Using the factors discussed in this chapter, describe how you would arrange your next encounter to accomplish your goal. * The first step would be to make use of similarity the factor that influences liking and compliance. Observe and learn a little bit about the seatmate – hobbies, favorite movies, books, sports – or any similarity that could be exploited to start the process of liking. Any common interest between the two of you could be a jump off point for some interesting discussions. Then enhance the liking deeper by complimenting the seatmate which is an effective device for producing return liking. . How does the photograph that opens this chapter reflect the topic of the chapter? * Adults always find kids adorable and endearing. Most adults find themselves putty in children’s hand. This is part of the adult human being’s fixed action pattern or our click-whirr reaction to kids. The picture which depicts smiling adorable kid selling lemonade is def initely someone that would trigger our liking process. It would ensure our compliance to an offer of buying a glass of lemonade even if we know that the lemonade is overpriced.

My Classroom From Hell

During the writer’s senior year at Yale in 2000, he turned down a job with an Al Gore pollster to teach in the Emery Elementary in Washington. This was an inner city school and from the start, he was warned it was not going to be easy. The skills that he had picked up during summer from the TFA (Teach For America) was not helpful in running the fifth grade classroom at Emery(Kaplowitz, 2003).Advertising We will write a custom article sample on My Classroom From Hell specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As a white teacher in a dominantly black school, he was racially harassed and most people did not believe in him. The principal was unhelpful and criticized every attempt he made to manage the classroom. After thwarting all his efforts and filling his report with criticism comments, he was demoted to teach the second grade. The class was worse than the fifth grade, but I was determined to succeed(Kaplowitz, 2003). On June 13, 200 1, a student accused him of assault. In the following months, the student’s mother filled a $20 million lawsuit against the school district. In March 2002, he was found not guilty, but the mother pursed civil damages. After refusing to pay her $200,000, the school system agreed to settler her demands. Though his experience in Emery is not unique to most public schools, there are those schools that have shown that a public school does not have to be a hellhole. With the help of a strong willed principal, the schools can be a better place(Kaplowitz, 2003). References Kaplowitz, J. (2003). My Classroom From Hell. The Wall Street Journal. Web. This article on My Classroom From Hell was written and submitted by user Alan N. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Loggerhead Sea Turtle Facts

Loggerhead Sea Turtle Facts The loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) is a marine sea turtle that gets its common name from its thick head, which resembles a log. Like other sea turtles, the loggerhead has a relatively lengthy life span- the species can live from 47 to 67 years in the wild. With the exception of the leatherback sea turtle, all sea turtles (including the loggerhead) belong to the family Chelondiidae. Loggerhead turtles sometimes breed and produce fertile hybrids with related species, such as the green sea turtle, hawksbill sea turtle, and Kemps ridley sea turtle. Fast Facts: Loggerhead Turtle Scientific Name: Caretta carettaDistinguishing Features: Large sea turtle with yellow skin, reddish shell, and thick headAverage Size: 95 cm (35 in) long, weighing 135 kg (298 lb)Diet: OmnivorousLife Span: 47 to 67 years in the wildHabitat: Temperate and tropical oceans worldwideConservation Status: VulnerableKingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataClass: ReptiliaOrder: TestudinesFamily: CheloniidaeFun Fact: The loggerhead turtle is the official state reptile of the state of South Carolina. Description The loggerhead sea turtle is the largest hard-shelled turtle in the world. The average adult is about 90 cm (35 in) long and weighs around 135 kg (298 lb). However, large specimens may reach 280 cm (110 in) and 450 kg (1000 lb). Hatchlings are brown or black, while adults have yellow or brown skin and reddish brown shells. Males and females look similar, but mature males have shorter plastrons (lower shells), longer claws, and thicker tails than females. Lachrymal glands behind each eye allow the turtle to excrete excess salt, giving the appearance of tears. Distribution Loggerhead turtles enjoy the largest distribution range of any sea turtle. They live in temperature and tropical seas, including the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. Loggerheads live in coastal waters and the open sea. The females only come ashore to build nests and lay eggs. Loggerhead turtle distribution. NOAA Diet Loggerhead turtles are omnivorous, feeding on a variety of invertebrates, fish, algae, plants, and hatchling turtles (including those of its own species). Loggerheads use pointed scales on their forelimbs to manipulate and tear food, which the turtle crushes with powerful jaws. As with other reptiles, a turtles digestive rate increases as temperature rises. At low temperatures, loggerheads cant digest food. Predators Many animals prey upon loggerhead turtles. Adults are eaten by killer whales, seals, and large sharks. Nesting females are hunted by dogs and sometimes humans. Females are also susceptible to mosquitoes and flesh flies. Juveniles are eaten by moray eels, fish, and portunid crabs. Eggs and nestlings are prey to snakes, birds, mammals (including humans), lizards, insects, crabs, and worms. Over 30 animal species and 37 types of algae live on the backs of loggerhead turtles. These creatures improve the turtles camouflage, but they have no other benefit to the turtles. In fact, they increase drag, slowing the turtles swimming speed. Many other parasites and several infectious diseases affect loggerheads. Significant parasites include trematode and nematode worms. Behavior Loggerhead sea turtles are most active during the day. They spend up to 85% of the day underwater and can stay submerged for up to 4 hours before surfacing for air. They are territorial, typically conflicting over foraging grounds. Female-female aggression is common, both in the wild and in captivity. While the maximum temperature for the turtles is unknown, they become stunned and start floating when the temperature drops to about 10  Ã‚ °C. Reproduction Loggerhead turtles reach sexual maturity between 17 and 33 years of age. Courtship and mating occur in the open ocean along migration routes. Females return to the beach where they themselves hatched in order to lay eggs in the sand. A female lays, on average, about 112 eggs, usually distributed between four clutches. Females only lay eggs every two or three years. Upon hatching, loggerhead turtles make their way to the sea.  ©fitopardo.com / Getty Images The temperature of the nest determines the sex of the hatchlings. At 30  Ã‚ °C there is an equal ratio of male and females turtles. At higher temperatures, females are favored. At lower temperatures, males are favored. After about 80 days, hatchlings dig themselves out of the nest, usually at night, and head to the brighter surf. Once in the water, loggerhead turtles use magnetite in their brains and Earths magnetic field for navigation. Conservation Status The IUCN Red List classifies the loggerhead turtle as vulnerable. The size of the population is decreasing. Because of high mortality and slow reproductive rates, the outlook is not good for this species. Humans directly and indirectly threaten loggerheads and other sea turtles. Although worldwide legislation protects sea turtles, their meat and eggs are consumed where laws arent enforced. Many turtles die as bycatch or drown from entanglement in fishing lines and nets. Plastic poses a significant threat to loggerheads because the floating bags and sheets resemble jellyfish, a popular prey. Plastic can cause intestinal blockage, plus it releases toxic compounds that damage tissues, thin eggshells, or alter turtle behavior. Habitat destruction from human encroachment deprives turtles of nesting sites. Artificial lighting confuses hatchlings, interfering with their ability to find water. People who find hatchlings may be tempted to help them get to water, but this interference actually lowers their chance of survival, as it prevents them from building the strength needed to swim. Climate change is another cause for concern. Because temperature determines hatchling sex, rising temperatures may skew gender ratio in favor of females. In this respect, human development may aid turtles, as nests shaded by tall buildings are cooler and produce more males. Sources Casale, P. Tucker, A.D. (2017). Caretta caretta. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2017: e.T3897A119333622. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T3897A119333622.enCommittee on Sea Turtle Conservation, National Research Council (1990). Decline of the Sea Turtles: Causes and Prevention. The National Academies Press. ISBN 0-309-04247-X.Dodd, Kenneth (May 1988). Synopsis of the Biological Data on the Loggerhead Sea Turtle (PDF). Biological Report. FAO Synopsis NMFS-149, United States Fish and Wildlife Service. 88 (14): 1–83.Caretta caretta (Linnaeus 1758)Janzen, Fredric J. (August 1994). Climate change and temperature-dependent sex determination in reptiles (PDF). Population Biology. 91 (16): 7487–7490.Spotila, James R. (2004). Sea Turtles: A Complete Guide to their Biology, Behavior, and Conservation. Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press and Oakwood Arts. ISBN 0-8018-8007-6.

Impervious and Impenetrable

Impervious and Impenetrable Impervious and Impenetrable Impervious and Impenetrable By Maeve Maddox The synonyms impervious and impenetrable have similar meanings, but, depending on context, one is preferable to the other. The words are used both literally and figuratively. Here are their literal meanings: impervious: Through which there is no way; not affording passage (to); not to be passed through or penetrated; impenetrable, impermeable, impassable. impenetrable: That cannot be penetrated, pierced, or entered; impossible to get into or through. Both words are negatives. Impervious is formed from the negative prefix im- and the adjective pervious. Impenetrable combines the same prefix, im-, with the adjective penetrable, which in turn comes from the verb penetrate. pervious: adjective. Allowing the passage of water, air, etc., through its substance; permeable. Freq. with to. penetrate: transitive verb. To get into or through, gain entrance or access to, especially with force, effort, or difficulty; to pierce. For example, using the words literally, one might say that cheesecloth is pervious to air and water, while a raincoat is impervious to water. The words are used frequently in a figurative sense. If something is impervious, things wash over it without entering. It remains sealed from outside influences. Something impenetrable is not only impervious, it resists efforts to pierce it, either literally, with a pointed object, or figuratively, with the mind. Compare the uses of both words in the following quotations from the web: Such a standard was originally developed to ensure that governments and other organizations could maintain electronic archives that would be relatively impervious to changes in technology. Recruits become fanatics on the subject, impervious to argument, quick to cut themselves off from doubters. After listening to the debate people made up their minds and were fairly impervious to new information. Let your plans be dark and impenetrable as night, and when you move, fall like a thunderbolt. Sun Tzu, The Art of War. After 9,000 emendations to James Joyces notoriously impenetrable novel, a smoother new edition is promised. The Guardian Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Passed vs PastLatin Plural EndingsOne "L" or Two?

Death Penalty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 4

Death Penalty - Essay Example This has been replaced by the functional methods adopted by most of the modern governments. The new approach emphasises the killing of the convicted person and not upon the suffering that results from the punishment. This indicates a more humane approach to the killing of convicted persons. However, killing a convict is fundamentally wrong. Punishments serve the important function of averting the dissolution that is noticed in the moral and physical worlds. These punishments come to the notice of the public and remain fixed in their mind. Moral speeches, great truths, moving speeches and strong words cannot achieve what punishment does. In order to prevent violation of the law in the long term, it is essential to have a system of strong punishments. However, the death penalty fails to achieve these objectives. The deterrent effect of such punishment is no longer accepted in the world. When people have to live independently and in isolation, they are placed in a continuous state of war. The freedom enjoyed by such people is always in danger of being destroyed by others. This forces people to form societies that are governed by laws. These laws ensure that the rights of the people are not harmed. In order to live in a society that is subject to the rule of law, people have to forego a portion of their liberty. It is this sacrifice that provides people with a safe and peaceful life. In this manner, a depository of surrendered sacrifices is created. The total of the individual liberties constitutes the sovereignty of a country. Something more is required; namely, a defence of individual liberties against the attempts of others to take undue advantage. As such, people tend to retrieve their surrendered liberties. At the same time, individuals attempt to appropriate what belongs to others. In this situation, it is essential to have strong measures that prevent people from

The Power of Judicial Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Power of Judicial - Essay Example Judicial review refers to the authority of a court (the Supreme Court or its lower courts) to examine either an executive or legislative act whether it is lawful (constitutional) or not; if not, then the court declares such act as illegal and invalidates the said act as having no legal effect. It is a well-established legal doctrine by practice but it has not been adequately settled as an issue. There are two prevailing opinions on the supposed power of judicial review by the Supreme Court. The first view is that no such explicit powers had been granted or contemplated by the Founding Fathers since nowhere in the Constitution was such powers of judicial review clearly stipulated. The second and opposing view is that the Founding Fathers had intended to grant such powers of review but may have inadvertently omitted it by oversight or by mistake only. Opponents of judicial review cite Section II, Article III of the Constitution as not saying a power to review had been granted since wha t this section contains is merely a mention of judicial power (but not judicial review powers) while its advocates cite legal precedence in this regard. It had been decided when this issue came up in Marbury v. Madison (1803) when the U.S. Supreme Court for the very first time declared an act of Congress as unconstitutional. This act is declared illegal, hence this implies the power of judicial review by the Supreme Court. However, advocates of judicial review most often cite the article by Alexander Hamilton  in the Federalist (Paper No. 78) as the ultimate guide whether the Founding Fathers intended for a judicial review.  

Mediterranean Woodlands Ecosystem Essay Example for Free

Mediterranean Woodlands Ecosystem Essay An ecosystem is a community of living organisms in conjunction with the nonliving components of their environment interacting as a system. These biotic and abiotic components are regarded as linked together through nutrient cycles and energy flows. As ecosystems are defined by the network of interactions among organisms, and between organisms and their environment, they can come in any size but usually encompass specific, limited spaces. Climate: The Mediterranean experiences hot, dry summers, with temperatures usually between 20 and 25Â °C, but they can reach well in excess of 30Â °C. Winters are mild, with temperatures falling to around 10Â °C. There is moderate rainfall, of around 800mm, which falls mainly in the winter Vegetation: The Mediterranean hillsides were once covered in dense deciduous and coniferous forests. In Europe this meant that trees such as the oak flourished, whilst in California giant redwood trees grew up. Most of these have been cleared, especially in Europe, however some Where the forests have been removed a dense scrubland has replaced them. The shrub vegetation has adapted to cope with the dry, hot summers by having waxy leaves that prevent water loss through transpiration. They also have long roots to reach water deep below the surface. Many of the trees are resistant to fire, as these are a common feature of the Mediterranean area. Clearance: Humans have ahd a huge impact on Mediterranean woodland throughout the world, but particularly in Europe. The Romans and Greeks cleared much of it for fuel wood and building materials, as well as clearing areas for farming. Agriculture: the massive clearance of the Mediterranean woodlands exposed huge areas for farming, as they presumed the ground would be fertile. Unfortunately in many cases the dry summers and winter rains proceeded to wash away the nutritious topsoil fairly quickly. This leaves relatively infertile land on which to farm. A very good example where this occurred was in Southern Italy. Grazing animals also caused great damage to the woodlands, and continue to also affect the newer scrubland that has developed. Fires: Forest fires are very common in the Mediterranean area, and this has helped to destroy much of the original woodland. The shrubs and small trees that have replaced them often are resistant to fire. Reference Chapin et al. (2002), p. 380; Schulze et al. (2005); p. 400 Hatcher, Bruce Gordon (1990). Coral reef primary productivity. A hierarchy of pattern and process. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 5 (5): 149–155. doi:10.1016/0169-5347(90)90221-X. Odum, EP (1971) Fundamentals of ecology, third edition, Saunders New York Schulze et al. (2005), p.400 Tansley (1934); Molles (1999), p. 482; Chapin et al. (2002), p. 380; Schulze et al. (2005); p. 400; Gurevitch et al. (2006), p. 522; Smith Smith 2012, p. G-5 Willis (1997), p.269; Chapin et al. (2002), p. 5; Krebs (2009). p. 572

Obesity In America Essay -- Overweight Obese essays

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  America is one of the richest, most progressive countries in the world. Shouldn't it be one of the healthiest too? Maybe it should be, but the sad truth is that Americans are some of the least healthy people in the world. Even though we are living in a country with great economic power and technological advancement, we are also living in a country with the smallest fund of practical nutritional knowledge. We are living in a land plagued with obesity. America is one of the richest, most progressive countries in the world. Shouldn't it be one of the healthiest too? Maybe it should be, but the sad truth is that Americans are some of the unhealthiest people in the world. Even though we are living in a country with great economic power and technological advancement, we are also living in a country with the smallest fund of practical nutritional knowledge. We are living in a land plagued with obesity.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to CDC (Center for Disease Control and Prevention), obesity in adults has increased by 60% within the past twenty years and obesity in children has tripled in the past thirty years. A staggering 33% of American adults are obese and obesity-related deaths have climbed to more than 300,000 a year. The American diet and lifestyle is different than all the healthier countries. Living a life on the go, eating fast-food and microwave dinners, the health of the American people has been sacrificed. Instead of eating a ...

Nell Movie Review

â€Å"Nell† is the drama that describes the whole life of a young girl, who was raised without any knowledge and experience of civilization. Nell has never been taught of any kind of conventional language. Her childhood was completely isolated from the outside world. As the result, the only person she could communicate with was her little twin sister. And what they used to communicate with each other was their own made-up language. After her twin sister’s death, her imagination about her twin sister has still existed. Still, that is the only one she could talk to. Something that’s really interested here is how Nell saw herself when she looked at the mirror. There are obviously two different reactions and feelings when Nell was looking at the mirror. First, at the beginning of the movie, it’s like that her reflection in the mirror was another person, who was her twin sister; a she were like playing with her sister. The other scenes are Nell used the mirror when combing her hair and dressing; this is just like what a normal person does. In this case, her looking glass self based on the perception of how other think about her. I guess, these two different reactions refer to the appearance of Jerome and Paul. In the film, after seeing Jerome and Paul, Nell started learning about varying things in the outside world. I guess, every times of learning, Nell tried to image what Jerome and Paul expected her to be or to do. Therefore, it’s like she was taking on the perspective of generalized other which is Jerome and Paul.

Accounting Materiality Case Essay

After the release of the SFAC No. 8, your definition of materiality has been brought into question. In the past, your rule for determining materiality was based solely on quantitative data, where an event was only material if its impact was more than a given percentage of the income statement amounts. Using a quantitative measure is effective because it keeps the process objective; however there are also times when the quantitative difference doesn’t adequately demonstrate the true effect of an action. For this reason, â€Å"materiality is an entity-specific aspect of relevance based on the nature [quality] or magnitude [quantity] or both items,† as stated in Q:11 of the SFAC No. 8. For The Framework Company each of the following closing entries must be judged on a case-by-case level on the parameters of whether it could influence decisions that our users make. See more: Ethnic groups and racism essay 1)In this entry, the company is paying a fine of a foreign subsidiary. The amount is less than 3% of net income, making it quantitatively immaterial. The description of the case lists that after the fine is paid, business will go back to normal with only slight changes. However, this is qualitatively material because it shows that the company did something unlawful which makes users question the company’s integrity and ethical standards. 2)This entry shows an investment in an expansion of the company. The impact on the company amounts to only 4.3% of its total assets (it was predetermined that the bar for materiality is 5%) so it is not quantitatively material. However, in terms of this action affecting a user’s decision about the company, this entry is definitely material. It represents an expansion of the company which users can either see as promising for future growth or frightening because it’s a risky investment. 3)Generally a loss, no matter the size isn’t seen as material due to the fact that it tends to be a one-time thing, compared to an expense that occurs regularly. However, in this case the amount of the loss proves to be material both quantitatively and qualitatively. Its impact on net income is above the 3% predetermined materiality threshold, making it quantitatively material. Also, it was determined that more of these losses may be coming in the near future for this line and that it’s becoming more delinquent. These two qualitative aspects are very impactful for a user’s decision regarding the company because they show serious problems with one of the company’s most profitable line and puts huge question marks on the quality of the product. 4)In this entry, the management made the decision to self regulate based on a court case of a similar company. The amount of additional expense accounts for 4% of the net income, making it a quantitatively material. The main reason this decision is also qualitative is due to the fact that the additional $200,000 in expenses needs to be explained to the user to show that The Framework Company is being responsible and cautious by policing themselves. 5)The ruling in a litigation case is that The Framework Company owes credit customers 325,000 in damages, which is 6.5% of net income. The company plans to appeal the case and believes they have a good defense in that appeal. A large portion of their customer base was involved in this case, meaning if the ruling is overturned some of their customers could take their business elsewhere. That makes this entry both quantitative and qualitatively material. 6)This 200,000 dollar loan that didn’t show up in the financial statements would only increase the assets by 0.08%, making it quantitatively immaterial. This event is a one-time occurrence for the company, because the chance of a payment being â€Å"mishandled† should be small. Since it is a small portion of the balance sheet and is something that won’t frequently happen, this entry is quantitatively and qualitatively immaterial. Based on The Framework Company’s current accounting standards, this set of post-closing entries is quantitatively material because the sum of all the changes is greater than 3% of their net income and equal to 5% of assets. Even if the sum of the changes didn’t surpass the preset threshold, it would still be smart to report these entries based on the idea of conservatism. The accountants are responsible for the information released, so if they leave something out that a user would deem important, they are liable. So, when in doubt, it’s best to release the information. The SFAC No. 8 mentions a number of times that cases of materiality, such as this one, cannot be decided by a general set of standards. The concept of materiality is too difficult to restrain. Under our current system, the expansion branch (entry 2) would be considered immaterial due to is size relative to our total assets. However, this entry really is material because it means so much to the future of the company and that’s what financial report users are looking for. The only standard that can be set when dealing with materiality is does this entry â€Å"influence decisions that users make on the basis of the financial information† (SFAC No. 8, Q:11).

Preston Tucker essays

Preston Tucker essays Preston Tucker was man who revolutionized car design in the late 1940s, only to have his innovation squelched by the "big three" automakers in a legal battle between him and powerful political lobbies. The movie follows a trend very similar to what may still occur today, when dealing with marketing and mainstreaming an innovation. Tucker faced several hardships that point towards market barriers that need to be identified and analyzed in order to improve the success rate of an innovation. When Tucker began to visualize the conceptual model of his car, concerns of brand loyalty came to mind. The importance of how the consumer perceived his car, led to further progress in the development of his innovation. The flashy appearance and aerodynamic shape appealed to the population as it represented a car of the future. His attempt to advertise the car proved fruitful by the positive response that it received. Tucker faced a more challenging situation when it came to cost advantages. How cost effective would it be to produce the car on a larger scale? Preston Tucker had chosen to initially produce his prototype in a barn and eventually selected the largest warehouse in the nation for his full scale production. His main problem was with the availability of raw materials. Suppliers preferred to stay faithful to the Big Three car manufacturers rather then supply smaller quantities to Tucker. Another hurdle that followed was the capital requirements. Initially fifty thousand dollars was the production cost for each car that Tucker would produce. Keeping in mind that this was the forties for which such a price was more than just expensive. Preston Tucker had no money to front for his prototype and as a result required the financial backing and trust from an investment bank who in turn demanded that someone with a more reputable background in the automotive industry, run the business. This even ...

College Degree Nearly Doubles Annual Earnings

College Degree Nearly Doubles Annual Earnings Just in case you still had some doubts as to the power of a college degree, the U.S. Census Bureau has released data proving the substantial value of a college education in the United States. Workers 18 and over sporting bachelors degrees earn an average of $51,206 a year, while those with a high school diploma earn $27,915. But wait, theres more. Workers with an advanced degree make an average of $74,602, and those without a high school diploma average $18,734. According to a new census report titled Educational Attainment in the United States: 2004, 85 percent of those age 25 or older reported they had completed at least high school and 28 percent had attained at least a bachelorÂ’s degree Ââ€" both record highs. Other highlights for the population 25 years and over in 2004: Minnesota, Montana, Wyoming and Nebraska had the highest proportions of people with at least a high school diploma, all around 91 percent.The District of ColumbiaÂ’s population had the highest proportion with a bachelorÂ’s degree or higher at 45.7 percent, followed by Massachusetts (36.7 percent), Colorado (35.5 percent), New Hampshire (35.4 percent) and Maryland (35.2 percent).At the regional level, the Midwest had the highest proportion of high school graduates (88.3 percent), followed by the Northeast (86.5 percent), the West (84.3 percent) and the South (83.0 percent).The Northeast had the highest proportion of college graduates (30.9 percent), followed by the West (30.2 percent), the Midwest (26.0 percent) and the South (25.5 percent).High school graduation rates for women continued to exceed those of men, 85.4 percent and 84.8 percent, respectively. On the other hand, men continued to have a higher proportion of their population with a bachelorÂ’s degree or higher (29. 4 percent compared with 26.1 percent). Non-Hispanic whites had the highest proportion with a high school diploma or higher (90.0 percent), followed by Asians (86.8 percent), African-Americans (80.6 percent) and Hispanics (58.4 percent).Asians had the highest proportion with a bachelorÂ’s degree or higher (49.4 percent), followed by Non-Hispanic whites (30.6 percent), African-Americans (17.6 percent) and Hispanics (12.1 percent).The proportion of the foreign-born population with a high school diploma (67.2 percent) was lower than that of the native population (88.3 percent). However, the percentages with a bachelorÂ’s degree or more were not statistically different (27.3 percent and 27.8 percent, respectively).The data on educational trends and attainment levels are shown by characteristics such as age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, marital status, occupation, industry, nativity and, if foreign-born, when they entered the country. The tables also describe the relationship between earnings and educational attainment. Al though the statistics are primarily at the national level, some data are shown for regions and states.Source: U.S. Census Bureau Education Also Effects Unemployment Just as income increases, unemployment decreases with higher educational attainment. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the nationwide unemployment rate based on educational attainment in 2017 dropped from 6.3 percent among those who did not complete high school, to 4.6 percent among high school graduates, to 2.5 percent among persons with a bachelor’s degree, to only 1.5 percent among persons with doctoral or professional degrees. In addition, higher levels of education tends to reduce the time required for persons who find themselves between jobs to find new employment at equal or better wages.

India's Economy and China's Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

India's Economy and China's Economy - Essay Example Looking at this view of his, let us take this stance further by discussing how the divergence and competence of the entrepreneurial forces in India has given it a slight edge over China, when it comes to facilitating environment for the entrepreneurs.. Generally speaking, China is viewed way ahead of India regarding government policy formulation and implementation. China surpasses India with its faster government policies, modern and developed infrastructures and well-versed economic policies. On the contrary, India is fuddled with slow legal processes, underdeveloped infrastructures and relatively a high rate of illiteracy. Also, the Chinese leadership is making effective steps to â€Å"isolate† China from the global downturn, plaguing many economies of the world. However, the Indian government is criticized for adopting a lumbering approach to regain its struggling economy. These discrepancies on the Indian side are reflected in the GDP figures of both the countries. As Schu man (2010) states The World Bank figures has shown that India’s gross domestic product (GDP) has increased only by 6.4% in calendar 2009, which is far short of the 8.7% rate China announced in mid-January. Although, the above discussed perspectives about both the countries’ economy may show that Chinese economy is in far better shape than India and that could augur well for Chinese entrepreneurs, it may not be the case. Firstly because, surprisingly in recent times, India is emerging as a vigorously energetic economy, as it seems to be rebounding from the global economic downturn with a stronger force. Doubtless to say, the global slowdown would bring serious problems to India, â€Å"but the country’s mood has changed fundamentally since the government began opening up the economy in 1991: fatalism has been replaced by can-do optimism.† (A Special Report, 2009). This optimism is reflected in the entrepreneurial â€Å"spheres† in India. That is, In spite of the political and social uphill, the country has started to pitch for entrepreneurialism which is hot on the air, at present. It is obvious that the entrepreneurial activities are indeed reshaping the India’s economy to a far better level. â€Å"Tarun Khanna points out that the entrepreneurial spirit is beginning to breathe new life into India’s public sector.† (Watch this Space). One of the main â€Å"catalysts† that is driving entrepreneurship in India than China is the sizable well-educated and confident young population, who want to come up with new businesses. It is evident that the current demographic profile of India would do wonders to the country’s economy. â€Å"India is now blessed with a young and growing workforce. Its dependency ratio - the proportion of children and old people to working-age adults - is one of the best in the world and will remain so for a generation†. (Indian Miracle). Although, China also has a siza ble young population, the advantage with Indian young population particularly their budding entrepreneurs is their proficiency of English language and the resultant confident approach with the Western clients. â€Å"Indian capitalism is driven by millions of entrepreneurs furiously doing ahead with this task, and thriving small businesses with many world-class ones whose English-speaking bosses network confidently with the global elite.†

Fleet Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Fleet Assignment - Essay Example Thus, the spilled passengers are 50 passengers, and they would wish to travel in flight 1 and 125 passengers who would want to travel in flight 2. Since the fare for A-B itinerary is much less than the two local itineraries, the profit maximization is to spill 50 passengers on the A-B itinerary (15000 dollars). From this, the remaining demand for flight 1 does not exceed the capacity (Holloway, pp.124-178). Because the local fare for flight 2 is much less than the fare for X-Z itinerary, 75 passengers are spilled from B-C itinerary (16875 dollars). Hence, the minimum spill cost for fleeting 1 15000+16875 = 31875. The spill cost for each transient is in Table 5. Thus, the fleeting contribution for fleeting 1 is 71250-(30000+31875) = $9375. Through analysis, the rest of the fleeting as shown in Table 5, that the optimal fleeting is fleeting 1. The spill minimizing strategy for this case in every flight is to drop passengers in view of increasing fare until passenger’s number accurately equals the assignment capacity in every flight. For instance, managers always spill passengers in order to keep the higher fares for connecting

Security via technology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Security via technology - Research Paper Example Public key cryptography is a combination of elaborately created procedures and standards that are meant to protect communications from being listened to or tampered with or being affected by impersonation attacks. Public key encryption enables the free distribution of public keys and only the people who have been permitted are allowed to read the data that has been subjected to encryption through this key (Oppliger, 2011). Generally sending encrypted data entails encrypting the data to be sent with the encryption key that belongs to the receiver, and upon receiving the message, the receiver will decrypt the message using his or her own private key. In comparison to the symmetric-key encryption, the public –key encryption needs a lot more processing and may not be a practical option for the encryption and decryption of large amounts of information. Nonetheless, a public key can be used to send a symmetric key that can ultimately be used in the decryption of more data, which is the method that is employed by SSL/TLS protocol. Additionally, the decryption of data that has been encrypted using a private key can be decrypted using a public key that corresponds to it although this approach is not recommended when that data to be encrypted is sensitive (Vaudenay, 2005). Nevertheless, since it implies that any person who holds the public key, which is usually made available to everyone, has the capacity to decrypt the data. However, private key encryption is still useful as it means that the private key can be employed in signing data with digital signatures, which are critical requirements in electronic commerce as well as other cryptographic applications of a commercial nature. Mozilla Firefox, as well as other client software, can employ public keys wen confirming that a message has been signed with the proper private key and that it has not be interfered with after being signed. Even though the worldwide

Omo Detergent In Nigeria

Omo Detergent In Nigeria Omo is manufactured and distributed by Unilever Nigeria Plc, which is a subsidiary of the multinational food and vitality company, Unilever whose corporate mission is to add vitality to life. They are manufacturers and suppliers of consumer goods in the foods, home care and personal care divisions. Unilever Nigeria Plc was incorporated on 11th April, 1923 as the Lever Brothers (West Africa) Ltd (OceanicPearl 2009). The company began as a trading organisation founded by Lord Leverhulme in Nigeria and West Africa. It started as a soap manufacturing organisation and has remained over the years to become one of Nigerias oldest surviving manufacturing organisations. The company has over the years diversified into the manufacture of foods, personal care products and non-soapy detergents. This was done through mergers and acquisitions, some of which include the acquisition of Lipton Nigeria Ltd in 1985 and Cheesebrough Pond Industries Ltd in 1988 (UnileverNigeria 2010a). In line with the ot her parts of the multinational group, the companys name was changed in 2001 to Unilever Nigeria Plc. It was listed on the Nigerian Stock Exchange in 1973 and 49% of its equity are owned by Nigerians at the moment while 51% is held by Unilever Overseas Holdings BV (OceanicPearl 2009). KEY MARKET SEGMENTS AND SIZE OF MARKET Unilever Nigeria Plc is involved in three main market segments and they are: Foods The brands of Unilever in this segment are Blue Band margarine, Lipton tea, Knorr and Royco food seasonings. Blue band margarine dominates the margarine market with only few strong competitors. Lipton tea is also the dominant brand in the Nigerian tea market, with relatively little competition from local manufacturers. However, the Nigerian tea consumption is very small due to the hot climate and the fact that consumers prefer chocolate drinks to tea. Knorr and Royco are different brands of a glutamate-based food seasoning. Although they possess a considerable market share, they have very stiff competition from the Maggi brand of Nestlà © Nigeria which is the dominant seasoning brand in the market. Home care This segment of the fast moving consumer goods market is dominated by multinational companies like Unilever, Procter and Gamble and PZ Cussons although there is competition from other local manufacturers. This dominance is due to the large amount of capital assigned to marketing by the multinationals, which most local manufacturers ignore either due to lack of capital or ignorance. The key Unilever brands in this segment are Omo and Key. Omo comes in a powder form while Key is a green bar soap. The Omo detergent comes in various pack sizes while the bar soap come in two sizes. These products are mainly produced for hand washing although Omo may be used for machine wash. Personal care division Currently, Nigerian households spend US $5 billion annually in the personal care category (Tura 2010). It is a very competitive segment of the Nigerian market and boasts a lot of local manufacturers. Investors are drawn into this segment because of the low barriers to entry and exit. Also, government policies favour the establishment of small-scale factories in this segment with tax incentives granted the organisations. However, multinational organisations such as Unilever and PZ Cussons still control large portion of the segment. Unilevers brands in this segment include Lux, Pears and Sunsilk. Pears is a petroleum jelly brand while Lux and Sunsilk are brands that cover body and hair care products although Sunsilk is cheaper and was created to cater for the low income segment of the Nigerian society. Size of market Because food, home care and personal care are essential to all humans, the market for most of Unilever Nigerias products including Omo can be seen as the entire population of the country. The household consumer goods segment has been growing steadily due to the increased marketing by companies, stimulated by growing demand. Detergents for hand washing have not been left out. The unsteady power situation in Nigeria favour hand washing rather than machine washing and so most of the washing detergents produced in the country are made for hand-wash applications. With a population of over 140million people and an annual population growth rate of 1.999% according to the 2009 estimates (Indexmundi 2009), Nigeria presents a large market for powder detergents. With an urban population percentage of 48% (2008 census) and 97% of the population below 65years (Indexmundi 2009), the market potentials are huge. The Nigerian population is made up of an upper wealthy class that only constitutes about 10% of the population. The middle and lower class make up the remaining 90% with the lower class having the lion share. The chart below shows the Living Standard Measure (LSM) of the adult population in 2008. The Living Standard Measure is a wealth proxy calculated based on the ownership of certain goods and degree of urbanization and ranges from 1 (indigent and rural) to 10 (affluent and urban) (Ladipo 2008). PRODUCT DESCRIPTION AND KEY DATA Omo is a white detergent powder that is used for washing clothes. It is produced specifically for hand washing although it can be used for machine washing as well. Omo is a chemical-based detergent with excellent stain removal properties. It comes in 35 and 50grams sachets and also in 200, 400 and 900grams packs. Because of the relatively low income level of the average Nigerian family, the small product sachets have been favoured over the years. Omos brand colours are white, blue and red, with the word Omo written in blue and as uppercase characters on the packaging, which carries the brands colours. Omo is one of the oldest brand names in the household care category in Nigeria. For a long time, Omo was the generic name for non-soap detergents, in most parts of Nigeria. However, increased competition has changed this. MARKETING DATA OF OMO The turnover for the powder detergents segment and Omos market share are given in the table below. NGN represents the currency of Nigeria, the Nigerian naira. The overall sales volume/turnover decrease from 2008 to 2009 was due to fall in demand caused by a high inflation rate. The increase in sales value is as a result of higher product prices rather than an increase in sales volume. However, though there was a decrease in sales volume of powder detergents in 2009, turnover has increased greatly over figures from the early 90s due to the introduction of the more affordable economy-sized sachets of product and improvements in road network across the country which made rural markets more accessible. The turnover for Omo has experienced a gradual decline over the years as consumers now see it as an old and ineffective product and hence prefer the competitions products. The volume and value share of Omo also decreased over the year due to the wrong perception of the product by the consumers and very stiff competition in the segment with several players like Eko Resources Ltd., introducing cheaper alternatives into the market. Main competitors The ability to constantly innovate and make exciting offers to customers is a very important attribute needed to survive and excel in a competitive market (Jobber 1998) like the Nigerian detergent market. Detergents purchase has a low level of involvement and so consumers are quick to try something they perceive better. There are several products that compete in this market segment, their large numbers being due to the low barriers to entry and exit for this market segment. Of the many brands that exist, the three main competitors of Omo are: So Klin washing powder This is a leader in the mass market category of the powder detergents market. It is manufactured by Eko Supreme Resources Ltd., jointly owned by Nigerian and Asian investors and was introduced into the market in 1995. The manufacturers spotted a gap in the market since prior to this time, Omo and the other detergents did not come in economy packs (products came in packs of at least 200grams) and were beyond the reach of the greater populace. They introduced sachets of 15grams and 30grams to cater for the low income earners. This caused them to take over much of the competitors market share. Also, on entry, the white colour of the powder strengthened its claim to provide superior cleaning with just small amounts, at a time when the other players including Omo still came as blue powders. After gaining grounds with its economy-sized products, it also ventured into the realm of the existing main players of the industry by introducing products in 200g, 400g and 900g packs to cater for hig h-end customers. At the end of the 2008 retail year, So Klin emerged second in the powder detergent category mainly the 13 to 35kg segments but still undisputedly remain the first in the sachet (15 and 30grams) segment, which accounts for 50% of the powder detergent business in Nigeria (The Nation 2009). Ariel washing powder This product is manufactured by Procter Gamble Nigeria, which started operations in Nigeria in 1992. It also comes in the form of a white powder and occupies a sizeable share of the detergent market although it is a sort of premium detergent. It was introduced in comparatively large sized packs and cost on the average more than its other competitors for same-sized products. This greater price premium was perceived by most of the AB and C1 groups (using British social classification as given by White (2000)) as a sign of higher quality and became popular especially among Nigerians who knew of their operations outside the country. Procter Gamble Nigeria undertakes aggressive advertising and has over time gradually increased its market share. With the introduction of their economy sized products (15 and 30grams), their customer base increased making them the second major competitor of Omo. Elephant detergent This detergent is manufactured by PZ Cussons Nigeria, a company that commenced business in Nigeria as a West African merchant. Elephant detergent is the third major competitor of Omo in the detergents category. Prior to the entry of the Procter Gamble brand Ariel, it was the main competitor of Omo and together with Omo, occupied more than 40% of the detergents category. Elephant detergent over the years has grown into an umbrella brand that has several detergent products under it such as the Elephant Gold and Elephant colour. It started out as a blue detergent packaged in 200g packs but has transformed into a white detergent following the change in the Nigerian consumer preference. On the wake of the So Klin revolution, brands like Omo tried to quickly reposition while Elephant dawdled resulting in a severe loss of market share. It now comes in economy packs although its strongholds lie in the large sized packs (200grams and above). LIFECYCLE OF OMO WASHING POWDER Omo detergent powder is in its mature phase at the moment. It was introduced over 40 years ago and its early stage was marked with great acceptance as the market had very few players predominantly Elephant detergent. This established the brand and led to a very rapid growth phase through the 80s and early 90s. By the late 90s, the product entered its mature phase. Its market share has since been fairly constant with slight increases or decreases yearly depending on marketing activities. This is evidenced by the gradual fall in market share (from 17.4percent in 2008 to 16.3percent in 2009) as seen in Table 1. Unilever Nigeria constantly undertakes several activities to extend the life of the product. These include repackaging, resizing of packs, introduction of improved formulas and constant advertising. SWOT ANALYSIS FOR OMO DETERGENT Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats Strong customer awareness of the brand Crowded and very competitive market Government vision 20/20 developmental policies Entrance of cheaper substitutes like Bonux (by Procter Gamble Nigeria) and Good Mama detergent (by Eko Supreme Resources Nigeria Ltd.) into the market. Large skilled marketing force Price sensitivity of product Improved road network in rural areas Re-launch of Ariel Enzymax as Ariel Prozim by Procter Gamble Nigeria Plc (M2weekly 2010) Access to home companys resources/technology Small brand product range offering specific advantages to different customer segments Increasing income of middle class Difficulty in accessing credit from local banks in the light the restructuring of the banking sector and global financial crisis. A large number of loyal nationwide distributors Improved electricity supply reducing production costs. Fall in local raw materials production Large local production capacity Growing population and market Increase in import duties on imported raw materials Wide product packaging size range High inflation rate(12 per cent in December 2009) (FreshPlaza 2010) Clear brand positioning Low entry barriers into business FUTURE TRENDS IN THE MARKET Nigerian consumers increasingly want more variety, freedom, quality and want to remove the hassle from washing and save time. With an annual population growth rate of 1.999% from 2009 estimates (Indexmundi 2009), the market for household care products is growing. In 2008, the Fast Moving Consumer Goods sector in Nigeria of which detergents are a large share grew by over 15% to a market size of around 130 billionNGN ( £552 million) (TradeInvestNigeria 2009). Also, with the increase in the income of the middle class and the percentage of the population that constitute this class, the average disposable income per family is increasing at a steady pace. Therefore, over the next few decades, there will be a shift of demand from economy sized goods (15 and 30grams) to family sized goods (200grams and above) as the younger, more educated portion of the population, which form a greater part of the population, with a median age of 19years (Indexmundi 2009) grow older and establish families. Although infrastructural development (especially power supply) is slow on the average, it is quite faster in urban areas like Lagos, Port Harcourt and Kano. These cities make up a large portion of the entire market. In addition, a larger proportion of married women now take up jobs in the private and public sectors, leaving very little time for activities like hand washing. For these reasons, there is a gradual growth in the market for machine wash powders and this is expected to continue over the next two decades. Finally, with government rigorously executing various projects and making policies in line with its plan for Nigeria to be among the first 20 economies in the world by the year 2020, a rapid growth in the infrastructural development especially rural roads is opening up the rural market thereby adding to market growth. ADVERTISING PHILOSOPHY Omo is advertised with a catch phrase Dirt is good, built around the belief that allowing children explore their environments ensures they grow and develop properly. The advertising of Omo is focused on the mother as the target considering she is the main decision maker for the purchase of household care products like detergents. From personal communication with Unilever Nigeria (February 2010), the primary target consumer description is given below. She is a mother in LSM 5 8, aged 23 45yrs. Her children are central to her world and she wants them to develop and explore the world. Laundry is an important part of her life she takes great pride in seeing her family looking good and wearing clean clothes. She cares about great laundry results and her childs development She lives in the urban and semi-urban parts of the country. Unilever Nigeria employs the television, posters and radio advertising to market Omo, each media used to a different degree. Television Omos main advertising is done on television since their target audience always watch television especially in the evenings. The adverts are run during a soap opera and a family breakfast show which run on Thursday (8-10pm) and Saturday mornings (9-10am) respectively weekly. These shows are almost religiously watched by most families and so have a great impact rate for the target audience. Posters These are the other most used media for advertising Omo. Posters are placed on billboards in markets and major roads all over the country. Since the target audience is the woman, and women are the ones who go to markets to do the family shopping, this is a highly effective method. Markets tend to be centralised and most women go shopping at least weekly and so are always exposed to the advert each time they go there. Using posters offers three main advantages for the marketing of this product. Firstly, since power is not constant in the country, posters present an ever visible advert, always present unlike television adverts that will not be seen if there is no power supply during the time when the advert is supposed to run. Secondly, posters also allow the message of the product to be passed to consumers who do not own television sets considering this is the case in certain parts of the country. Thirdly, posters are also made in the major languages of the different states in the cou ntry as Nigeria has over 200 indigenous languages. This is a very big advantage of using posters, as it reduces the cost of advertising which would be ridiculously high if TV commercials of the different languages were to be made. It ensures that the message of the advertising is effectively communicated to the consumers even if they are not very good in English language. Radio Local radio is also employed in the advertisement of Omo. However, it is used to a much lower extent than television and posters. It is mainly employed in the semi-urban and rural areas where most consumers do not watch much television but own radio sets. The adverts are made in either English language, Pidgin English or the major language of the region. The print media is normally not employed in the advertisement of Omo because very few of the women who are the target audience regularly read the dailies and magazines. ADVERTISING PLAN Current consumer perception of brand Most consumers see Omo as an old school (outdated and ineffective) product. believe detergents powders degrade the colours of clothes. Advertising objectives To alter perceptions about Omo. To reassure customers of product quality. To raise impulsive brand awareness from 75 percent to 85 percent. To raise the proportion of consumers describing the brand as effective and value for money to 75 percent. Selected media: Posters (on billboards because of its high perception-altering potential via repetition). Poster advert description The poster will carry a picture of a smiling woman (30-35years old) in brightly coloured Nigerian attire (attire will be changed to match the cultural and religious attire of women in different regions so as to cause the consumers in the region to identify with the advert) on a white background, carrying the brand colours (red, blue and white) on the left portion of the picture. Brand colours will be bold on poster to enable easy identification of the brand even before seeing its name. The right side of the poster will contain a picture of a large amount of colourful clean clothing folded in a stack (wide range of bright colours to be chosen to emphasize colour caring and preserving qualities of Omo). The woman in the picture will be holding an Omo 15grams sachet in her right hand next to the stack of folded clothing (to emphasize that a small amount can clean many clothes) while the products in their different sized packs are displayed at the bottom left of the poster (to show the c ustomer the range of choices available). The brand name Omo will be placed in the poster in large print, second in size only to the phrase Brilliant results always (to highlight the excellent cleaning and colour-preserving ability of Omo)which will run across the centre of a major part of the poster (but does not overlap the clothes). Response/what we want them to believe: Omo has super stain removing ability, A small amount washes a large quantity of clothes Omo does not deteriorate colours Languages to be used in adverts English, Pidgin English and the three main national languages (Hausa, Yoruba and Igbo). Where adverts will be displayed State capital city centres, major markets and roads in the cities and select towns. Timing Six months. Media scheduling Periodic over six months. Results expected Brand to come first in their mind when they think washing To establish the brand and position it in the market as the best for washing Criteria by which success will be judged Change in market share and turnover. Budget A budget of 250millionNGN ( £1.07million) is proposed for this advert. This is justified by the increase in revenue the advert will generate. A 10% increase in revenue (which is 969.2millionNGN from Table 1) will cover the advert and marketing costs and give a reasonable profit. CONCLUSION Omos strong brand presence has kept it over the years. However, a selling concept rather than a marketing concept has been employed for Omo over the years resulting in loss of market share. Constant research should be carried out to keep up with changes in consumer needs. With new emphasis on what consumers want from the product, effective marketing and product promotion, a turnaround can be expected.

Process Paper How To Get On Th :: essays research papers

Process Paper: How to get on the net The Internet is a very important tool for communicating, learning, and just surfing. To utilize the capabilities of the “Net'; one must have a phone line, a computer with a modem, and an Internet Service Provider (ISP). Computers can usually be found at any electronic store. The store should also have information on how a local ISP can be found. The Internet Service Provider that you find will give you the essential software needed to connect to the Internet. Once the software is successfully installed, make sure a phone line is hooked up with the computer’s modem. You can do this buy running phone wire from the nearest phone jack to the back of your computer. A modem slot can be found in the back of you computer, and it will usually have “Modem'; written above it. Once the phone line is hooked up, you can enter your computer and start up your web browser. Your web browser icon should say “Internet Explorer,'; “Netscape,'; or “The Internet.'; Once you have located the icon, double click it (click twice with the primary mouse button). This should bring up a “Dial-up Networking'; window with “username'; and “password'; spaces. Type in the username and password that your ISP gave you. As soon as all the data is entered, click the “Connect'; button at the bottom of the window. It should take about one minute before a window pops up with a timer telling you how long you have been connected. This is important so if you have a limited number of hours for the month, you can manage your time connected to the Internet. Now that you are connected, it is possible to take advantage of the Internet’s capabilities. You should start off by going to a search engine: yahoo.com, lycos. com, altavista.com, hotbot.com, and many others. You can start these by going to the file menu, clicking open, and then typing in the address (i.e.

Environmental Issue Essay

The current concern of our environmentalist nowadays is how to bring back the bountiful natural resources of our venue of living before. This is just a dream but this can be true because nowadays everything is possible. It is, indeed, a great challenge of this environmentalist to provide solutions of the problems manifested in our environment. Before presenting my arguments, I would like first to secure the parameters of this debate. I limit this debate to one of the hottest issues in the environment which is Air Pollution. Air Pollution is the human introduction into the atmosphere of chemicals, particulates or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organism. Looking at the status quo, it is obscene that there are a lot of sources that made our air contaminated. First point, I content that the severity of catastrophe happened in our environment deeply rooted from anthropogenic sources (human activity) such as â€Å"Stationary Sources† as smoke stacks of power plants, manufacturing facilities and municipal waste incinerators. â€Å"Mobile Sources† as motor vehicles, aircraft etc., marine Vessels such as container ship or cruise ships and related port air pollution, burning wood, fireplace, stoves, furnaces, fumes from hair spray, varnish, paint, aerosol spray and other solvent, oil refining and industrial activity in general. These things respond the question of why our air is being contaminated. Second point, I would like also to argue that the government plays a vital role in protecting our environment. The government has the prowess to make some possible and practical solutions of environmental problems. They have enough budgets to initiate some activity and project that would cater the protection and preservation of our natural resources. To sum up my arguments, first the main problem is the human activity that deteriorates our environment and second is the irresponsible action of the government. We can make a difference as by letting ourselves as an example because change starts in ourselves. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Air_pollution#Sources This page was last modified on 22 March 2008, at 18:53. All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details. ) Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a U. S. registered 501(c)(3) tax-deductible nonprofit charity.

Development Of Radiographer Led Procedures Health And Social Care Essay

This scrutiny has been carried out on patients as a complete scrutiny. With the development of radiographer-led processs there is move towards giving a direct reply to put of the clinical indicants and inquiry and so orienting the scrutiny to suit this demand. The Ba sup can therefore moderately be split into a figure of ‘subexaminations ‘ when the clinical image has a definite way. Upper high Ba sup, this scrutiny is used for patients who have high dysphagia or definite oesophageal symptoms, or have rather frequently had a normal OGD but there are still have diagnostic that mean: rather frequently a motility upset may be cause. The technique is the patient is asked to stand erect in the AP place on the fluoroscopic tabular array and keep the cup of Ba in their manus, normally the left, as farther turning of the patient is normally to the left. The arm will so lie clear of the bole, without the patient holding to negociate its motion around the escalating screen passenger car. The patient is turned into a sidelong place in order to get down with everyday appraisal of possible aspiration, if this instance the scrutiny should be terminated instantly. They are asked to take a normal sized for them mouthful of the liquid and keep it in their oral cavity until asked to get down. This is to give the operator a opportunity to focus on on the country of involvement and optimise the collimation. If the radiographic equipment allows, a frame rate of 3 per second is suggested as an initial pick, modern digital equipment can let recording of the screened image. This frequently a radiation dosage decrease by leting retrospective and repeated survey of the patients get downing action without returning to the rescreen missed actions, and besides allows a more existent clip appraisal to take topographic point. The patient is so asked to get down and the exposure is initiated. Real clip recording is terminated when the Ba bolus passes beyond the screened image or po int of involvement. The AP position is the optimum for hypopharyngeal anatomy, it will be seen in individual and dual contrast images. This position can so be repeated at least one time more to guarantee there is consistence in the image, doing it easier to definitively place pathology. The patient is so turned into the sidelong place and the same process of taking a mouthful and get downing on petition is imaged. This position allows the posterior wall to be optimally viewed. The most common abnormalcies shown are relentless cricopharyngeal feelings or diverticulae, the most common diverticulum type being zenkers this occurs in the mid-hypopharynx and is more common in the older population. They are rather frequently termed hypopharyngeal pouches. The pouches can go rather big, frequently doing patients to be referred due to regurgitation of undigested nutrient some clip after they have eaten. They are besides frequently hard to endoscope as the range enters the pouch and can non b e passed farther. The Ba sup can therefore rather frequently be the most appropriate trial for corroborating the presence and extent of this pathology. Oesophageal webs are besides best seen on the sidelong projection, shown on the anterior wall, although they are best viewed with rapid imaging sequences, they have been noted in 1-5 % of diagnostic patients and 12-15 % of dysphagia patients. Barium sup and the reflux appraisal is patient for this type of survey frequently present with clinical symptoms of GOR. They frequently have a feeling of retrosternal uncomfortableness and no other symptoms. Although pH monitoring is an effectual manner of rating GOR, there is non every bit yet a gilded criterion test.the Ba survey can still be utile as an adjunct to other trials, as some GOR patients may hold little suspension hernias that are non seen on endoscopy. These patients frequently have mucosal alterations in the distal tierce of the gorge, so the sup is used to see the part closely and detect the fundus to look into for herniation. Technique for this testes is AP and sidelong projections can be taken of the gorge as antecedently described for the Ba sup. A more utile position of the distal tierce of the gorge is provided by the erect left posterior oblique, taken after the patients is asked to get down. The Ba bolus is imaged as a column and athletics movies taken to demo the distal tierce of the distal tierce of the gorge. This allows mucosal rings and peptic stenosiss to be shown good. As the column base on ballss and the mucous membrane relaxes, spor movies can be taken this frequently shown oesophagitis. The patient is the asked to take the effervescent granules either dry or assorted with a little sum of H2O if dry is excessively hard, or other effervescent assistance, followed by the citric acid. It is of import to affect on the patient that these will bring forth gas in the tummy and may give them the feeling that they need to burp, it is imperative the y do non yield to enticement and the best manner to avoid this is to state them to maintain swallowing. Advance account of this, giving grounds for its importance, will maximise conformity. The patient is so asked to get down another mouthful of Ba whilst in the LPO place and images can be taken of the lower gorge. This will give a dual contrast scrutiny of gorge, leting a good expression at mucosal item. To observe marks of a suspension hernia or GOR, the fluoroscopic sofa is so placed horizontally and the patient turned to their right to measure reflux. Sport images of the country are taken. The patient is so asked to revolve through 360 at their ain gait, this will guarantee coating of all facets of the stomachic mucous membrane ready for appraisal of the tummy. Whilst they are executing this motion it is best to test sporadically in instance any extra lower oesophageal pathology is noted so that a athletics image of the lower oesopagus and gastroesopahageal junction can be taken . On finishing this tactic, farther images of the tummy are taken at cardinal phases: foremost, the patient is asked to turn to their left ( LOP ) where a athletics images is taken. Second, turned back to supine ( AP ) . Third, turned to their right ( RPO ) . And the patient is returned to the vertical place, turned somewhat to their left and an erect ( LPO ) movie is taken to demo the distal orsophagus and the fundus of the tummy. To demo reflux really happening, the patient can be tilted caput downwards ( Trendelenburg place ) as this mimics stress reflux but, as this is an unreal place, it may hold limited bearing on the truth appraisal of the true extent of reflux. If reflux is demonstrated the freedom with which it occurs and the degree it attains should be note as this will be an assistance to the clinician in the appraisal of the patient. It is noted nevertheless, that reflux may merely happen in approximately a 3rd of diagnostic patient. Preparation of patient to all scrutin y upper piece of land is, the patien should hunger for least 6 hours before the scrutiny but 5 hours is considered equal by some. It is suggested that this should be the instance even if merely Ba sup is indicated, in instance positions of the tummy are found to be required, this avoids the patient holding to return for a 2nd scrutiny. All jewelry or artifacts illustration hearing AIDSs should be removed. Patient vesture should be removed and a patient gown should be worn. The patient should so be informed of the process they should have information with their assignment prior to go toing, so they can give their consent. Complication with instructions on the famishment period should be checked. ESOPHAGRAM PROCEDURE. Two common radiographic processs of the upper GI system affecting the disposal of contrast media are the esophagram, or Ba sup, buttocks it is sometimes referred to, and the upper GI series. Each of these processs is described in item, get downing the esophagram. An esophagram, or Ba sup is the common radiographic process or scrutiny of the pharnx and gorge, using a radiopaque contrast media may be used. The intent of an esophagram is to analyze radiographically the signifier and map of the get downing facets of the pharnx and gorge. No contraindications exist for esophagrams except possible sensitiveness to the contrast media used. The engineer should find whether the patient has a history of sensitiveness to barium sulphate or water-soluble contrast media. Because the gorge is empty most the clip, patient need no readying for an esophagram unless upper GI series is to follow. When combined with an upper GI, or if the primary interested is the lower gorge, readying for the UGI takes precedency. For an esophagram merely, all vesture and anything metallic between the oral cavity and the waist should be removed, and the patient should have on a infirmary gown. Before the fluoroscopic process a pertinent history should be taken and the scrutiny carefully explained to the patient. The first portion of an esophagram involves fluoroscopy with a positive-contrast medium. The scrutiny room should be clean, tidy, and appropriated stocked before the patient is escorted to the room. The appropriate sum and type of contrast medium should be ready. Esophagrams by and large use both thin and thick Ba. Extra points utile in the sensing of a radiolucent foreign organic structure are cotton balls soaked in thin Ba, Ba pills or gelatin capsules filled with BaSO, and marsmallows. After get downing any one of these three substances, the patient is asked to get down an extra thin Ba mixture. Because the esophagrams begins with the tabular array in the perpendicular place the footbo ard should be in topographic point and tested for security. Lead aprons, compaction paddle, and lead baseball mitts should be provided for the radiotherapist, ass good as lead aprons for all other forces in the room. Proper radiation protection methods must be observed at all times during fluoroscopy. Fluoroscopy with the room prepared and the patient ready, the patient and radiotherapist are introduced and the patients history and the ground for the test discussed. The fluoroscopic scrutiny normally begins with a general study of patients chest including bosom, lungs and stop, and the venters. During fluoroscopy, the technologist responsibilities in general are to follow the radiotherapist instructions, assist patient as needed, and hasten the process in any mode possible because the scrutiny in begun in the vertical or vertical place, a cup of thin Ba is placed in the patient left manus near to the left shoulder. The patient so is instructed to follow radiotherapist instructions r efering how much to imbibe and when. The radiotherapist observes the flow of Ba with the roentgenoscope. Swallowing of thin Ba is observed with the patient in assorted places. Similar place may be used while the patient swallows thick Ba. The usage of thick Ba allows better visual image of mucosal forms and any lesion within the gorge. The type of Ba mixture to be used, nevertheless, is determined by the radiotherapist. After the unsloped surveies, horizontal and Trendelenburg places with midst and thin Ba may follow. A patient is shown in place for an RAO projection with a cup of thin Ba. The throat and cervical gorges are normally studied fluoroscopically with athletics movie, whereas the chief part of the esophagus down to the tummy is surveies both with fluoroscopy and with postfluoroscopy overhead radiogram. Presentation of esophageal reflux is the diagnosing of possible esophageal reflux o regurgition of stomachic contents may happen during fluoroscopy or an esophagram. One or more of the undermentioned processs may be performed to observe esophageal reflux ; take a breathing exercising, H2O trial, compaction paddle technique and toe- touch manoeuvre.